Mega-projects
of science research (MPSR)projects are referred to the
projects of large-sized (or large quantity of investment
needed),modernized key instruments and equipments needed in
the process of scientific research. The are not only
necessary conditions for multi-disciplines to make major
break-throughs, but also can often promote the development
of other disciplines and engineering technologies. MPSR's
are often assembled crack research teams to form the bases
of talent training. Because the construction of those
projects represents high technical level, high degree of
difficulty and large quantity of investment, they become an
important sign of the national strength in science and
technology.
During the Seventh Five-year Plan
period, China constructed ten MPSR's which played a very
good frole in the performance fo the national scientific
strength and in the performance of high level research
activities, and accumulated experiences for the construction
of MPSR's, including:1. Raised scientific research
in China to a higher level and promoted the development of
high technologies of related disciplines such as machinery ,
electronics and optics;
2. Brought up a high
level, crack scientific research team covering design,
construction, operation and management and became bases for
the training of high level professionals in
China;
3. Worked out a batch of international
first-rate scientific research achievements, in
which揳ccurate determination of quality of
-lepton攃orrected 7.2Mev of shift of -lepton quality
and played a key role in the solution of the universality
issue of lepton; the establishment of solar magnetic field
telescope made China possess the most advanced equipment
acknowledged in the world in the world in the field; and the
Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator was used to synthesize heavy
particl-rich new nuclides such as Hg-208 for the first time
in the world.
During the Nith Five-year Plan
period, the state will inplement in a rolling manner several
major scientific engineering projects based on in-depth
study and widespread consultaion of opinions of various
circles, constructing one only when the conditions have
become matured, in the fields of physics, astronomy, life
science, geoscience, etc. that are of important scienific
significance and can play an important role and inspire the
people.
I. PRINCIPLES AND METHODS TO DETERMINE
MPSR's
The determination and construction of
MPSR's should follow and embody the principle "Grasp
key points and catch up the advanced world level on the
selective basis". In order to ensure the rationality of
the determination of MPSR's, special attention must be paid
to detailed planning, adequate demonstration and careful
selection.
The basic principles for the
determination of MPSR's are that the projects selected
should have significant impacts on the development of the
national economy or science and tecchnology;need an
investment research; can retain the advanced international
level in a period after completion or have the possibility
of making China a new force in the field; and the design
should have creativity.
In the performance of
the determination the following should be
achieved:
1. The state makes detailed planning
and a good搕op level design攁nd, based on that,
MPSR's are selected so as to really achieve important
breakthroughs of scientific research and prom,ote the rapid
development of related disciplines;
2. 2.
Adequate and accurate scientific demonstration is carried
out. In-depth study and widespread consultation of opinions
of all circles are made and special attention is paid to the
opinions of scientists who hold different or even opposing
opinions;
3. The principle of careful selection
is insisted on. MPSR's all represent large investment in
science. Careful selection should be made according to the
actual situation of financial capacity and economic
development of the country. The governmental support is key
to the implementation.
II. THE FIRST BATCH OF
PROJECTS STARTED AS APPROVED BY THE STATE
After full demonstration by experts, the first
batch of MPSR's have started as approved by the State
steering committee for science and Technology and have been
included in the national plan for capital construction and
hence gained support.
1. The second phase
project of the national synchronous radiation
laboratory
(1) scientific
purposes
The first phase project of the
National Synchronous radiation laboratory (NSRL)passed the
completion examination and acceptance by the state in Dec.
1991. Its successful operation has yielded a batch of
important achievements of application of
synchronousradiation. Since it was opened to domestic and
foreign users, the number of users who ask to make
experiments with radiation light has been increasing and so
has the requirement for light
source.
Therefore, it is pressing to add new
light beam experiment stations and improve the performance
of light source. The main purposes of the second phase
project of NSRL are to raise the brightness and stability of
light source to a large extent and add new light beam lines
and experiment stations so as for NSRL to practically meet
the needs of scientific and technolohical development for
synchronous radiation light source around year
2000.
(2) Features
The main
contents of the second phase project are to add 21light beam
lines and 22experiment stations; construct the two insertion
elements of undulators and free electron laser, provide
monochromatic tunable coherent radiation, improve light
sources to realize high brightness
operation.
The features of the project are to
continuously improve and enhance the performance of light
source and retain the international advanced level while
fully using the capacity out studies of application of
synchronous radiation; and to newly build experimental
stations of advanced technologies, with the Chinese
characteristics or created by Chinese, most urgently needed
by users.
2. Large Celestial area,
Multi-Objective, Optical Fiber Spectrum Telescope
(LAMOST)
(1) Scientific
purposes
The viewing fields of existing
large-sized telescopes are too small, usually less than one
square degree, but the celestial areas to be explored
measure dozens of thousands of square degrees to be explored
measure dozens of thousands of square degrees. Therefore, to
enlarge the viewing field of large-sized telescope becomes
key to the development of "multiple optical fiber
spectrum metering "in the current phase. LAMOST
realizes "large aperture with large viewing
field", a goal that has long been considered a
difficult issue for astronomical telescope. The effective
clear aperture of LAMOST is 4m, the focal distance 20m(F=5),
the viewing field reaches 21square degrees, the celestial
area covered is more than 20000 square degrees (over one
half of the whole celestial sphere). The plan for LAMOST has
caused intense response among international colleagues.
After completion, it will first be installed at the
existing, the observed limit integral magnitude of galaxy
metering will be 20. M7 and the observed magnitude of fixed
stars 21. M0; the number of optical fibers used at the same
time will be up to 4000 so as to enable china hold an
important superiority in astronomical exploration in the
transitional period between the current and next
centuries.
(2) Features
The main
features of LAMOST include:
1 The focal
distance is as long as 20m, thus enabling the design of
large viewing field of 21 square degrees that is difficult
for common 4m telescopes. The long focal distance and large
viewing field enable the number of optical fibers to be
inserted to reach more than 4000 ;
2
The key technology for the acquirement of large viewing
field is the elimination of spherical aberration. In the
LAMOST system, the reflector as sumes tracing and the active
optical technology is used to control the
"non-spherical" shape of the reflector and real
time correction of spherical aberration is made. This
application of the active optical technology is initiative
for astronomical instruments. Experiments have shown that
this method has good effects.
3. Observation
Network for Crustal movement in China
(1)
Scientific purposes
1 Establish the
four-dimensional image and stressing status model of crustal
movement of mainland China. Hence promoting the study of
causes of seism, cresting new thinking and new methods for
the zoning of seismic intensity and providing a more
scientific and important basis for the medium-long term
forecast of seism.
2 Develop quantified
explanation and carry out studies of tectonic physics of
Ching's important moderm tectonic activities.
3
Work out results of modern movement of mainland china
relative to adjacent plates.
4provide services
for the refinement of china's geoldal surface, study of
unification of the national coordiate system, regional
geodetic surveying and engineering
construction.
(2) features
1
establish a dynamic monitoring system for space geodetic
surveying of mainland china, mainly including
.
A A national (including Taiwan, Hong Kong and
macao )GPS monitoring network composed of 80 monitoring
stations so as to make each sub-plate and mass have at least
three GPS monitoring stations;
B A high
precision gravity network composed of 20-30gravity points,
inclouding 10 absolute gravity points;
C Newly
developed synthetic aperture radar, micro-wave radiation
remote sensing and other satellite electromagneric wave
remote sensing technologies as supplement for a small number
of aresa to study the displacement, stain and change of
materials in those areas.
D A computer
information processing system, which integrates database and
database management technologies, temporal and spatial data
processing technologies and computer graphic technologies
and realizes accelerated circulation and application of
observation data of various kinds.
2 Establish
a monitoring network for space geodetic surveying (mainly
GPS and individual gravity) in relation to surrounding and
neighboring regions.
4. Meridian Chain for the
Ground Comprehensive Monitoring of Space Environment of East
Hemisphere-Meridian Engineering Project
(1)
Scientific purposes
The Meridian Engineering
Project is referred to the plan to establish a comprehensive
ground monitoring chain of multiple means for the
solar-terrestrial space environment, starting from mohe in
the northernmost part of china, extending southward through
Beijing and wuhan and reaching Hainan, and further extending
to the Zhongshan station at the south pole. This chain of
stations is called meridian chain for
short.
The engineering purposes of the project
are to form a unified comprehensive monitoring system
gradually from the scattered space environment monitoring
stations and means in China by conducting unified, complete
meridian monitoring chain around the earth through
international monitoring chain around the earth through
international cooperation.
The scientific
purposes of the project are to take he meridian chain as the
means to develop the space environment global model with the
chinese characteristies and promote the development of basic
disciplines such as space physics by acquiring perceptual
knowledge with the Meridian chan and proceeding from
revealing the regional characters of the space environment
of china.
The application purposes of the
project are to provide high level services for the study,
forecast and assessment of the space activities, production
activities and eco-environment of china, make contribution
to the formation of the discipline of "Space Weather
"in the world, give play to the leading function of
china in east asia and make china enter the advanced
international rank in the 21st century.
(2)
Features
The most outstanding feature of the
meridian chain is that it will finally constitute the first
complete space environment monitoring chain around the globe
in the world, which has never occurred in the history of
space surveying and will be difficult to be built again,
Therefore, the meridian Chain will probably hold an
international advanced position for quite a long period. The
second feature of the meridian chain is that it has the
regional characters of china, is suitable for the studies of
space and geophysics for the territorial space and territory
and the results cap directly serve the space activities of
china. The third feature is the high comprehensiveness,
tight organization, integration of observation, research and
forecast and integrated operation of radio, geomagnetism,
optics, cosmic ray, rocket, balloon, etc..
5.
HT-7U Superconducting Tokamak Fusion Experimental Equipment
(1) Scientific purposes
Since
year 1992 deuterium-deuterium discharge has been made
successfully on the two worldwide largest Tokamak
magnetically confined fusion experimental equipments, Europe
JET and US TFTR, hence demonstrating the scientinfic
ceasibility of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Based on
that, engineering design of an international engineering
experimental reactor for thermonuclear fusion (ITER) is
being made and the reactor will be completed in year 2008,
with 1500Mw of power output. Nevertheless, and economical
commercial reactor must be highly effective, compact and
realize stable operation. Therefore, the realization of the
so-called advanced Tokamak operation mode through effective
heating and improved confinement under stable operational
conditions is a frontier subject in the fusion research in
the world. There is still no large-sized superconduction
Tokamak of none-circular section in the world at present and
will only by a few in year 2000.
HT-7U is
none-circular section superconducting todamai. The
scientific purpose of building such an equipment is to
realize stable operation and carry out experiments on
heating and confinement improvement under the tokamak
advanced operation and finally realize the tokamk advanced
operational mode. The construction of the project will make
the fusion research in China enter the frontier in the world
around year 2000.
(2) Features
1.
HT-7U is of none-circular section. The divertor
configuration can control boundary; the shaping field can
flexibly control plasma configuration; high power wave
heating and wave drive are combined with bullet feeding and
wave drive are combined with bullet feeding and feedback
control to control current , electron density, electron
temperature andion temperature section and probe into the
physical basis of advanced operational mode.
2
The whole system is formed by upgrading the HT-7
superconducting todamak experimental system, hence only a
small amount of investment is needed for improvement to meet
the needs by HT-7U.
6. Implementation of the
First Continental Well drilling and scientific
research
(1) Scientific
purposes
Continental well drilling is an
important frontier subject of the modern geosciene. In this
project the first continental well will be installed in the
Dabie-Jiaonan area with the following scientific
purposes;
Undertand the cause, preservation and
folding mechanisms of the superhigh pressure metamorphism
zone of the largest scale in the world developed in the area
and enrich the geoscientific theory on superhigh pressure
metamorphism function.
Understand the formation
and evolution of paleocollision type orofenic zone and deep
geologic functions type orogenic zone and improve the
geoscientific theory on orogenic
functions.
Understand the ongoing geologic
functions in the area and provide the basis for the solution
of contiental bynamic issues and provide the solution of
contiental dynamic issues and for resource utilization and
environmental hazardreduction.
(2) Contents and
featues
Outine of the engineering project
The first continental well of china will be
installed in the Dabie-Jiaonan area with 5,000 m of design
well depth and 152m of the final diamter and the
inplementation will last 5-6years in three
phases;
Phase1 preparation before drilling
2-3years
Phase2 constructtion,
1-2years
Phase 3 comprehensive study of the
results, 2years, in which new data of various kinds will be
comprehensively studied, the experiences and lessons from
the construction will be summarized so as to make
preparation for the implementation of china in the next
century.
Features of the
project
Directly observe and reveal geologic
phenomena and geologic functios at different depths below
surface with the means of well drilling and solve the
important issues of earth surface and geology and
geoscientific issues that cannot solved with common drilling
engineering.
Its features include carrying out
study in the process of drilling in the area of crystalline
rocks, total fixed position extraction of core and samples
of various kinds (including solid, liquid and gas samples),
omnibearing logging and automatic control of drilling
parameters with computers, etc..
7. Cooling
Storage Ring of Lanzhou Heavy Ion
Accelerator
(1) Scientific
purposes
Tth Lanzhou heavy ion acelerator
(HIRFL)has yielded a batch of researdh acchievements of
advanced international level, such as synthesis of heavy
neutron-rich new nuclide Hg-208, etc. for the first timein
the world.
The scicntific purposes of adding
the multi-purpose heavy ion cooling storage ring (csr)to
HIRFL are:
1 Study of radioactive secondary
beam (RIB)physics:use the radioactive beam current of high
current intensity and high quality of CSR and isomeric beam
current and polarization beam current to carryout synthesis
and study of nucleus;
2 study of quality of
nuclear material under the conditions of high temperature
and high density: use the stable nucleus and radioactiove
nucleus beams from low energy to 900MeV/u to collide with
target nucleus, heat and compress nuclear materials to
create conditions of nuclear of high temperature and high
density for the studies of state and the mutual impact
between neutron and hadron of nuclear
material;
3 Study of physics of highly ionized
atoms: the high-resolution and highly ionized heavy ion beam
and high-density electronic current from CSR provide the
only possible experimental conditions for the accurate study
of mutual impacts between highly ionized heavy ion and the
energy level fine structure of inner shell of highly ionized
heavy ion .
4 Study of synthesis of superheavy
elements: the high internsith neutron-rich secondary beam
current of the same N/Z value (1.6-1.7) as that of
superheavy nucleus and the (A,Z) direct identification
method of CSR provide favrable conditions for the study of
"superheavy silands".
5 Uses by
intersection disciplines :1 in the study of astrophysics the
low-moderate energy neutron-rich and proton-rich beams are
used to study the creation, evolution, origin of energy,
process of nuclear synthesis, distribution of quality
abundance comic age, etc.;2 heavy ion beam can be used to
cure cancers by usr of the high current intensity heavy ion
beam and RIB beam from CSR that can penetrate any part of
human body and can cure tumors in human body very
effectively under the premise of minimum damage to other
parts of human body .
(2)
Features
High counting rate: the primary and
secondary beams are used in a circle so as to raise RIB
current intensity and experimental countion
rate.
Quasi- continuous beam: when the beam
current hits the internal target in circles in the
experimental ring, the main ring periodically inserts beam
currents into the experimental ring so that quasi-continuous
beam currents into the experimental ring so that
quasi-contiuous beams are produced in the experimental ring
and relatively thick internal targets can be used to get
high experimental brightness.
8. The Third
Generation Synchronous Radiation light
source
(1) scientific Purposes
The
two sets of synchronous radiation light sources built on
mainland china in 1980s have the problems of low light
intensity , short machine hours, limitation to the promotion
of performance, etc., as limited by the high energy physical
experiments, and will not be able to meet the needs by more
research projects for high brightness hard X ray and
extremely high brightness soft X ray.
The third
generation synchronous radiation light source is an
equipment of high performance, medium scale and entire wave
-band. The light intensity in the division of band of soft X
ray is 5-6 magnitudes higher than that of the existing level
in China; the light intensity in the division of band of
hard x ray is over 3 magnitudes higher than that of the
equipment in Beijing; and other performances are also
promoted greatly such as high temporal resolution ratio,
which will made possible the study of structure, components,
dynamic characteristics of structure, components, dynamic
characteristics of materials under the micro-area, normal
position, dynamic, transient and extreme conditions so as to
provid new new methods and means for the studies of
international frontier level in multiple fields that cannot
be carried out in china at present because of shortage of
necessary conditions.
(2) Features
The third generation synchronous radiation
light source, or China Light Source (CLS), is composed of
the three major portions of injector, storage ring and
synchronous radiation experimental equipment. The total area
covered is 15,000-20,000m2 . the injector is of total-energy
injection. The electronic energy of the storage ring is
2.3-2.5 GeV, the permeter is about 240m and the storage ring
is components, correctors, auxiliary components, etc.. the
synchronous radiation experimental equipment is composed of
light lead-out components, light beam lines and experimental
stations. It is planned to build 15 light beam lines and
corresponding experimental stations in the first phase of
the project.
|